home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1995
/
TIME Almanac 1995.iso
/
time
/
world
/
b
/
bhutan.2a
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-03-25
|
4KB
|
101 lines
<text id=93CT1613>
<title>
Bhutan--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
South Asia
Bhutan
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Bhutan's early history is obscure. The country may have been
inhabited as early as 2,000 B.C., but not much is known about
it until Tantric Buddhism was introduced in the 8th century A.D.
The country's political history is intimately tied to its
religious history and relations among the various monastic
schools and monasteries.
</p>
<p> The consolidation of Bhutan began 300 years ago. Ngawang
Namgyal, a lama from Tibet, defeated three Tibetan invasions,
subjugated rival religious schools, codified an intricate and
comprehensive system of laws, and established himself as ruler
(shabdung) over a system of ecclesiastical and civil
administrators. After his death civil strife broke out, which,
over the next 200 years, eroded shabdungs' power to the
advantage of regional governors and local leaders. In 1885, the
central authority recruited Chinese aid to crush the most
powerful governors. This move was countered by a local Tongsa
leader, Ugyen Wangchuck, who arranged for a British presence in
the area. In 1907, after the shabdung's death, Ugyen became
Bhutan's first hereditary king.
</p>
<p> In 1910, King Ugyen and the British signed the Treaty of
Punakha, which provided that British India would not interfere
in the internal affairs of Bhutan if the country accepted
British advice in its external relations. Similar provisions
were included in the 1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty signed with
independent India.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Traditionally a decentralized theocracy, and since 1907 a
monarchy, Bhutan is moving gradually toward representative
government. The Tshogdu (National Assembly) is composed of not
more than 150 members: 105 village elders or family heads, 12
representatives of regional monastic bodies, and 33 senior
government administrators appointed by the king. Members are
elected for 3-year terms. Any Bhutanese over 25 years of age can
stand for election to the assembly.
</p>
<p> The late King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who reigned from 1952
to 1972, guided his country toward constitutional monarchy and
helped modernize public administration. He established the
assembly in 1953, the Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde) in
1965, and the Council of Ministers in 1968. The Lodoi Tsokde is
responsible for advising the king and government ministers on
important questions and for supervising the implementation of
programs and policies legislated by the Tshogdu. It consists of
a chairman appointed by the king, five representatives of the
people, two of the monastic hierarchy, two southern Bhutanese
representatives, and a women's representative. The Council of
Ministers, composed of the ministers (lyonpos) of the government
departments, is charged with implementing policy.
</p>
<p> The present monarch, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, took the throne
in 1972 and pledged to continue his father's progressive
policies. Under Jigme Dorji the king was subject to a vote of
confidence every 3 years, but this practice was dropped by Jigme
Singye. Heads of government departments, however, are required
to subject themselves and their policies to the scrutiny of the
Tshogdu at least once a year.
</p>
<p> The spiritual head of Bhutan, the Je Khempo-the only person
besides the king who wears the saffron scarf an honor denoting
his authority over all religious institutions-is nominated by
monastic leaders and appointed by the king. The monastic order
is involved in government at many levels.
</p>
<p> No political parties function within the Bhutanese
governmental structure. Bhutan is divided into 18 districts,
each headed by a district officer (dzongdad) appointed by the
king. Each district is divided into subdistricts headed by an
officer called a ramjam, who is assisted by a number of village
leaders. Each leader (gup) controls several villages and is
elected for 3 years by the villagers, who cast one vote per
family. The gup convenes village meetings to discuss local
issues.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
May 1990.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>